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© Oxford University Press

MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers

Sudhir Kumar , Koichiro Tamura ¹ and Masatoshi Nei ²

Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics and Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University 328 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA

²To whom reprint requests should be sent

A computer program package called MEGA has been developed for estimating evolutionary distances, reconstructing phylogenetic trees and computing basic statistical quantities from molecular data. It is written in C++ and is intended to be used on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. In this program, various methods for estimating evolutionary distances from nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, three different methods of phylogenetic inference (UPGMA, neighborjoining and maximum parsimony) and two statistical tests of topological differences are included. For the maximum parsimony method, new algorithms of branch-and-bound and heuristic searches are implemented. In addition, MEGA computes statistical quantities such as nucleotide and amino acid frequencies, transition/transversion biases, codon frequencies (codon usage tables), and the number of variable sites in specified segments in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Advanced on-screen sequence data and phylogenetictree editors facilitate publication-quality outputs with a wide range of printers. Integrated and interactive designs, on-line context-sensitive helps, and a text-file editor make MEGA easy to use.

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Received on October 17, 1993; accepted on December 16, 1993

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