Bioinformatics Advance Access originally published online on October 31, 2006
Bioinformatics 2007 23(1):107-113; doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl555
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Towards clustering of incomplete microarray data without the use of imputation
1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University Seoul City, Republic of Korea
2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego California, USA
3 Advanced Information Technology Research Center, KAIST Daejeon, Republic of Korea
4 Department of BioSystems, KAIST Daejeon, Republic of Korea
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Motivation: Clustering technique is used to find groups of genes that show similar expression patterns under multiple experimental conditions. Nonetheless, the results obtained by cluster analysis are influenced by the existence of missing values that commonly arise in microarray experiments. Because a clustering method requires a complete data matrix as an input, previous studies have estimated the missing values using an imputation method in the preprocessing step of clustering. However, a common limitation of these conventional approaches is that once the estimates of missing values are fixed in the preprocessing step, they are not changed during subsequent processes of clustering; badly estimated missing values obtained in data preprocessing are likely to deteriorate the quality and reliability of clustering results. Thus, a new clustering method is required for improving missing values during iterative clustering process.
Results: We present a method for Clustering Incomplete data using Alternating Optimization (CIAO) in which a prior imputation method is not required. To reduce the influence of imputation in preprocessing, we take an alternative optimization approach to find better estimates during iterative clustering process. This method improves the estimates of missing values by exploiting the cluster information such as cluster centroids and all available non-missing values in each iteration. To test the performance of the CIAO, we applied the CIAO and conventional imputation-based clustering methods, e.g. k-means based on KNNimpute, for clustering two yeast incomplete data sets, and compared the clustering result of each method using the Saccharomyces Genome Database annotations. The clustering results of the CIAO method are more significantly relevant to the biological gene annotations than those of other methods, indicating its effectiveness and potential for clustering incomplete gene expression data.
Availability: The software was developed using Java language, and can be executed on the platforms that JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is running. It is available from the authors upon request.
Contact: dwkim{at}cau.ac.kr
Received on May 11, 2006; revised on October 8, 2006; accepted on October 24, 2006
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