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Bioinformatics Advance Access published online on March 31, 2005

Bioinformatics, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti421
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© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received September 3, 2004
Revised March 21, 2005
Accepted March 30, 2005

Article

Density Guided Importance Sampling: application to a reduced model of protein folding

Geraint L. Thomas 1, Richard B. Sessions 2, and Martin J. Parker 1*

1 Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Martin J. Parker, E-mail: m.j.parker{at}leeds.ac.uk


   Abstract

Motivation: Monte Carlo methods are the most effective means of exploring the energy landscapes of protein folding. The rugged topography of folding energy landscapes causes sampling inefficiencies however, particularly at low, physiological temperatures.

Results: A hybrid Monte Carlo method, termed Density Guided Importance Sampling (DGIS), is presented that overcomes these sampling inefficiencies. The method is shown to be highly accurate and efficient in determining Boltzmann-weighted structural metrics of a discrete off-lattice protein model. In comparison to the Metropolis Monte Carlo method, and the hybrid Monte Carlo methods, Jump-Walking, Smart-Walking and Replica-Exchange, the DGIS method is shown to be more efficient, requiring no parameter optimisation. The method guides the simulation towards under sampled regions of the energy spectrum and recognises when equilibrium has been reached, avoiding arbitrary and excessively long simulation times.

Availability: Fortran code available from authors upon request.


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